Microorganisms as Biomarkers in Ecotoxicological Studies: A Review

Abstract

This article highlights the role of microorganisms as biomarkers in ecotoxicological studies, emphasizing their sensitivity and adaptability to environmental stressors. Bacteria, algae, protozoa, and fungi are explored for their ecological significance and rapid responses to pollution and habitat changes. Mechanisms such as enzyme activity shifts, genetic alterations, and structural changes are discussed, alongside case studies demonstrating their application in freshwater, soil, and marine systems. Challenges, including response variability and the need for standardized methods, are acknowledged. Advances in omics technologies and multi-marker approaches are identified as promising directions. Overall, microbial biomarkers present a valuable tool for ecological risk assessment, offering critical insights for environmental monitoring and conservation.