The Role and Representation of the Catuparisā in the Majjhima and Dīgha Nikāyas

Abstract

The concept of the Catuparisā—the fourfold assembly comprising bhikkhus (monks), bhikkhunīs (nuns), upāsakas (laymen), and upāsikās (laywomen)—is central to the communal and doctrinal structure of early Buddhism. This study examines the representation and role of the Catuparisā as portrayed in the Majjhima Nikāya and Dīgha Nikāya, two major collections of the Sutta Piṭaka. Through close textual analysis, this paper explores the Buddha’s relationship with each component of the fourfold assembly, the varying responsibilities and spiritual capacities attributed to them, and how their collective existence supports the preservation and flourishing of the Dhamma-Vinaya. The findings highlight that the early suttas consistently regard the Catuparisā as integral to the survival and legitimacy of the Buddha’s teaching, while simultaneously recognizing the diversity of roles played by ordained and lay followers. This study also briefly considers how the commentarial tradition expands upon these foundational ideas, reinforcing or refining the doctrinal and social roles of the fourfold community.