Phytochemical Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites in Sida rhombifolia Linn: Korba district of Chhattisgarh

Abstract

Sida rhombifolia Linn., a perennial shrub of the Malvaceae family, has long been valued in traditional medicine systems across the tropics and subtropics for its broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. Extensive phytochemical investigations reveal the presence of diverse bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and coumarins in various plant parts. Qualitative and quantitative studies using classical tests and modern analytical tools (e.g., HPLC, GC-MS, LC-HRMS) confirm these constituents and show regional and extraction-based variability. Pharmacological studies demonstrate that extracts of Sida rhombifolia possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic/anticancer, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, anti-asthmatic, antimalarial, and wound healing activities. These effects substantiate many traditional uses of the plant and highlight the contributions of its secondary metabolites such as vasicine, quercetin derivatives, gallic acid, and beta-sitosterol. The broad phytochemical profile and diverse biological activities of Sida rhombifolia make it a promising candidate for further drug discovery and development. However, most results are based on preclinical models, and more studies are needed to clarify mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety. This research compiles recent data on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Sida rhombifolia, providing a scientific basis for its traditional applications and directions for future research.