A Blockchain-Enabled Conceptual Framework for Transparent and Fraud-Resistant Carbon Credit Management

Abstract

Carbon credit markets encourage organizations to cut greenhouse gas emissions. However, centralized systems often struggle with problems like fraud, double counting, and lack of transparency. This research proposes a blockchain-based framework to manage carbon credits securely and openly. The framework has three layers: a registry layer for unchangeable records of issuance, transfer, and retirement; a smart contract layer to enforce rules and stop fraudulent claims; and a user access layer for real-time verification by stakeholders. A proof of concept simulation on the Ethereum test network shows the lifecycle of carbon credits while keeping transactions secure from tampering. This study offers a practical model for decentralized carbon credit management. It improves accountability, trust, and efficiency in global carbon markets, while identifying areas for future real-world use and growth.